1. Give at least five (5) definition of research from different authors.

Research

- detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new)

understanding.

- used to describe a number of similar and often overlapping activities involving a search for

information.

- an active, diligent and systematic process of inquiry in order to discover, interpret or revise facts, events, behaviors, or theories, or to make practical applications with the help of such facts, laws or theories. The term "research" is also used to describe the collection of information about a particular subject.

- systematic investigation, including research development, testing, and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to

generalizable knowledge

- careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to

Discover or establish facts or principles.

2.Give at least three (3) chars characteristics of good research

1. search for individual facts or data. May be part of the search for a solution to a larger problem or simply the answer to a friendly, or not so friendly, bar bet! Concerned with facts rather than knowledge or analysis and answers can normally be found in a single source.

Example

Find the population of each country in Africa or the total (in dollars) of Japanese investment in the U.S. in 2002.

2. A report or review, not designed to create new information or insight but to collate and synthesize existing information. A summary of the past. Answers can typically be found in a selection of books, articles, and Web sites.
[Note: gathering this information may often include activities like #1 above.]

Example

Find out what is known generally about a fairly specific topic. "What is the history f the Internet?"

3. Gathering and analyzing a body of information or data and extracting new meaning from it or developing unique solutions to problems or cases. This is "real" research and requires an open-ended question for which there is no ready answer.
[Note: this will always include #2 above and usually #1. It may also involve gathering new data through experiments, surveys, or other techniques.]

Example

Gather evidence to determine whether gang violence is directly related to playing violent video games.

3. Differentiate and illustrate by example;

a. Basic Research vs. Applied Research

Basic (aka fundamental or pure ) research is driven by a scientist's curiosity or interest in a scientific question. The main motivation is to expand man's knowledge , not to create or invent something. There is no obvious commercial value to the discoveries that result from basic research.

For example, basic science investigations probe for answers to questions such as:

· How did the universe begin?

· What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of?

Applied research is designed to solve practical problems of the modern world, rather than to aqcquire knowledge for knowledge's sake. One might say that the goal of the applied scientist is to improve the human condition .

For example, applied researchers may investigate ways to:

· improve agricultural crop production

· treat or cure a specific disease

· improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of transportation

b. Hypothesis vs. Theory

A theory is a well-established principle that has been developed to explain some aspect of the natural world. A theory arises from repeated observation and testing and incorporates facts, laws, predictions, and tested hypotheses that are widely accepted.

A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study.

c. Related Literature vs. Related Studies

Related literature- this are written information that could have relation or relevance to a specific topic that you are interested in to discussed in your thesis or dissertation. elated literature should give a brief summary of the written literature and the relationship with the present study.

Related studies are investigations that are usually unpublished materials like
manuscript, thesis and dissertation’s, which were conducted previously, to which the present study has similarity and relatedness.

Related literature and studies help the researcher understand his topic better because it may clarify vague points about his problem. It also guides the researcher in making comparisons between his findings with the findings of other similar studies. So it is necessary that the related materials should have true value. I listed some characteristics of related literature and studies for your guidelines.

Give at least three (3) difficulties of research. Explain and illustrate by example.

1. Lack of facilities. This problem is often faced by the individual researcher. Adequate facilities may not bear the performance of the research project.
2. Limited Time Duration. Researcher often have to resort to cross-sectional studies, even if the longitudinal approach is most appropriate because of time limitation.
3. Financial Difficulties. The money aspect is important in launching a research project because of the cost of materials and personnel involved.

Explain and illustrate the following sources of research

1. Specialization. The scholarship that should result from intensive specialization in one or more subdivisions of the chosen fields of training will reveal both the accomplishments of completed research and the problem get unsolved.
2. Instructional Program Pursued. Adequate courses include numerous suggestions concerning needed research, through the medium of lectures, discussions, reports and reading. Stimulating contracts between professors and students outside the classroom are unusually profitable in the selection and development of problems for investigations.
3. Program of Reading. Both extensive reading over a range of topics for breath of background and intensive reading on selected themes for analysis and evaluation purposes.

Explain & illustrate by example the criteria for selection of a problem

1. Interest, intellectual, curiosity and drive.

One of the personal motives for research most frequently mentioned by scientists themselves is pure curiosity, accompanied by genuine interest and a derived satisfaction or enjoyment.

2. Costs and Returns.

Graduate instruction and research are expensive. In the final selection of the thesis problem, the candidate must consider carefully his own financial resources and that provided by the institution.

3. Hazards, Penalties and Handicaps.

In the selection of certain types of problem, the worker may well consider other special hazards, penalties or handicaps of a personal, social or professional character, not necessarily with the thought or avoiding or giving up a particular study but making the choice within open.